Is Sleep Apnea Genetic? Exploring the Link Between Genetics and Sleep-Disordered Breathing

Expert Insight from Dr. Marielaina Perrone, DDS – Green Valley, Henderson, NV

Sleep apnea is a common but potentially serious sleep disorder that affects millions of Americans. Characterized by repeated interruptions in breathing during sleep, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) can lead to chronic fatigue, cardiovascular complications, and impaired cognitive function if left untreated.

But what causes sleep apnea in the first place? More specifically, is sleep apnea genetic?

According to research and clinical experience, genetics significantly determines who is at risk for developing sleep apnea. To explore this connection further, we spoke with Dr. Marielaina Perrone, DDS, a Henderson-based cosmetic and general dentist who also treats sleep-disordered breathing through oral appliance therapy.

“Sleep apnea is often linked to anatomical and physiological factors that can be inherited,” explains Dr. Perrone. “Understanding your family history can be important in identifying your risk.”

Understanding Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)

The most common form of the condition, obstructive sleep apnea, occurs when the throat muscles relax during sleep, causing a partial or complete blockage of the airway. This results in pauses in breathing, often accompanied by snoring, gasping, or restless sleep.

Common symptoms include:

• Loud snoring
• Daytime sleepiness or fatigue
• Morning headaches
• Dry mouth or sore throat upon waking
• Trouble concentrating or memory issues

Is There a Genetic Link?

While lifestyle factors such as weight, alcohol use, and sleep position are known contributors, it's important to be aware that genetics also play a significant role in sleep apnea risk.

Several studies have identified a familial pattern in OSA. People with a close relative—such as a parent or sibling—with sleep apnea may be two to three times more likely to develop the condition themselves.

“We often see patients whose parents or siblings were diagnosed with sleep apnea,” notes Dr. Perrone. “Certain inherited traits, like jaw structure or soft tissue volume, can predispose someone to airway obstruction during sleep.”

Genetic Factors That Influence Sleep Apnea

Several inherited physical traits can increase the likelihood of developing sleep apnea, including:

 Craniofacial Structure

Narrow airways, small jaw size, or an overbite can restrict airflow during sleep. These structural characteristics are often passed down genetically.

 Neck Circumference and Fat Distribution

Individuals with thicker necks or specific fat distribution patterns—both influenced by genetics—are more likely to experience airway collapse during sleep.

 Muscle Tone and Neuromuscular Control

Genetic factors affecting the tone of airway muscles or responsiveness of the nervous system during sleep may also contribute to OSA.

“It’s not just about lifestyle—it’s about biology,” Dr. Perrone says. “Even patients with a healthy weight and active lifestyle can develop sleep apnea if they have inherited anatomical risk factors.”

Beyond Genetics: Other Risk Factors

While genetics matter, other variables often combine with inherited traits to influence sleep apnea risk:

• Obesity
• Smoking or alcohol use
• Gender (men are at higher risk)
• Age (risk increases after age 40)
• Nasal congestion or allergies
• Sleep position (sleeping on the back)

“It’s usually a combination of genetic and environmental factors that trigger the condition,” explains Dr. Perrone. For instance, a person with a genetic predisposition to sleep apnea may be more likely to develop the condition if they are overweight or if they smoke. Understanding these interactions can help individuals make informed lifestyle choices to reduce their risk of developing sleep apnea.

Diagnosis and Treatment

If you have a family history of sleep apnea and are experiencing symptoms, early diagnosis is essential. Sleep apnea is typically confirmed through a sleep study (polysomnography) at a sleep clinic or an at-home monitoring device. During a sleep study, various parameters such as breathing patterns, heart rate, and oxygen levels are monitored to determine if you have sleep apnea.

Treatment options include:

• CPAP therapy (Continuous Positive Airway Pressure)
• Oral appliance therapy (custom-fitted dental devices)
• Lifestyle changes (weight loss, sleep position adjustment)
• Surgical interventions in severe or structurally complex cases

“For many patients with mild to moderate sleep apnea, a custom oral appliance offers a comfortable, effective alternative to CPAP,” says Dr. Perrone. “It repositions the jaw to keep the airway open throughout the night.”

Final Thoughts

While your genes do not entirely determine sleep apnea, heredity plays a significant role. Understanding your family history and recognizing potential symptoms early can help you seek appropriate care before the condition affects your long-term health.

“If sleep apnea runs in your family, don’t ignore the warning signs,” Dr. Perrone advises. “Getting screened and exploring treatment options can lead to better sleep—and better health overall.”

About Dr. Marielaina Perrone, DDS

Dr. Marielaina Perrone is a leading cosmetic and implant dentist in Henderson, NV, with over 20 years of experience. She provides personalized care in cosmetic dentistry, restorative procedures, and oral appliance therapy for sleep apnea. Known for her patient-centered approach, Dr. Perrone is committed to improving both smiles and overall wellness.