Dr. Candido Otero, M.D.

A metabolic panel usually measures the following blood chemicals: BUN: 6 to 20 mg/dL (2.14 to 7.14 mmol/L); CO2 (Carbon Dioxide): 23 to 29 mmol/L. Creatinine: 0.8 to 1.2 mg/dL (70.72 to 106.08 micromol/L): Glucose: 64 to 100 mg/dL (3.55 to %.55 mmol/L. Serum Chloride: 96 to 106 mmol//L; Serum Potassium: 3.7 to 5.2 mEq/L (3.7 to 5.2 mmol/L). Serum Sodium (NA), 136 to 144 mEq/L (136 to 144 mmol/L). Serum Calcium (Ca), 8.5 to 10.2 mg/dL (2.13 to 2.55 millimol/L). Now, there is a correlation between low K+ and urinary Ca excretion. In other words, low potassium (K+) level causes increase of calcium (Ca), due to decrease in the urinary excretion of it. There is a consistent decrease in the concentration of sodium and ionized calcium and increase in serum potassium with increase delay in analysis and clot contact time. Thank you.

It looks like a canker sore. Even though the the picture taken is small, you can see a pustule and possibly is painful. Canker sores are cause by stress, injury to the inside of the mouth acidic food, dental appliances (braces, ill-fitting dentures). The canker sore has few stages; prodromal stage – First 2 – 48 hrs.; pre-ulcerative stage 1 – 14 days, healing stage 4 – 14 days. The stage that your lesion look is at very early stage. This is my assessment based on the picture. Use salt and water or baking soda rinse (one teaspoon of baking soda and half cup of warm water), will help you. If the lesion persists, see your dentist. Thank you.

You will expect discomfort for few days after removal. When the surgeon or dermatologist take the lipoma out and uses stiches, wound care will take approximately 10-14 days. Follow your doctor recommendations. They will give you instructions on how to take care of the sutured area. Than you.

Eliminate the alcohol to reduce the risk of pancreatitis. Eat food that are healthy with low fat content and high fibers. Exercise regularly and lose excess weight. Do not smoke. Sign of acute pancreatitis are looking ill, fever, nausea, vomiting, and sweating. Doing an hour exercise, loosing weight, drinking at least 2 to 2.5 liter of water a day among eating healthy will help yo. Thank you

You will notice discharge or pus, persistent numbness, swelling in the jaw, lymph node swelling, face or mouth swelling, pain, trouble swallowing, chewing, breathing, and talking. A persistent bitter taste or bad breath and fever. Thank you.

The podiatrist will numb you toe, wait few minutes until it is completely numbed, then he will proceed to take it out. The procedure last no mere than ten minutes. He or she will give you some pain medication. Follow the post nail removal instructions from you doctor. The nail will start to grow, and it will take about a year to be fully grown. Thank you.

Any unit of blood issued is considered transfused and the patient is charged unless is returned to the blood bank. The blood bank will handle appropriate disposal of any returned products which are not usable. There is a time frame to return the blood to the blood bank inventory. Thank you.

The pathologist is the one performing the autopsy and render an autopsy report afterward. Thank you.

The red blood cells is taken and the leukemic cells are analyze with histochemical analysis and in the microscope. Children with leukemia may get more viral or bacterial infections than other kids. This is because their white blood cells can’t fight infection efficiently. The get anemia that needs to be monitored because the red blood cells become low in number. The leukemia and or lymphoma may be at risk for then to present with fatigue, growth delay, thyroid dysfunction, hearing loss and development of secondary cancer. Children with leukemia have up to 90% survival rate with many going on to live a happy and productive live. Most kids are cured of the disease. The most fatal type of leukemia is Acute Myeloid Leukemia. The five-year survival rate is 29.5%. Leukemia is a cancer that usually affects the white blood cells. The leukemia and or lymphoma may be at risk for then to present with fatigue, growth delay, thyroid dysfunction, hearing loss and development of secondary cancer. Thank you.

First sign of leukemia in children are fatigue, flu-like innless, no appetite, headaches, and frequent infections however is not necessarily cancer. That’s why you need to find a health care provider to do a complete medical history and laboratory. They get anemia that needs to be monitored because the red blood cells become low in number. The leukemia and or lymphoma may be at risk for then to present with fatigue, growth delay, thyroid dysfunction, hearing loss and development of secondary cancer. The red blood cells are taken, and the leukemic cells are analyzed with histochemical analysis and in the microscope. Children with leukemia may get more viral or bacterial infections than other kids. This is because their white blood cells can’t fight infection efficiently. The get anemia that needs to be monitored because the red blood cells become low in number. The leukemia and or lymphoma may be at risk for then to present with fatigue, growth delay, thyroid dysfunction, hearing loss and development of secondary cancer. Children with leukemia have up to 90% survival rate with many going on to live a happy and productive live. Most kids are cured of the disease. The most fatal type of leukemia is Acute Myeloid Leukemia. The five-year survival rate is 29.5%. Leukemia is a cancer that usually affects the white blood cells. The leukemia and or lymphoma may be at risk for then to present with fatigue, growth delay, thyroid dysfunction, hearing loss and development of secondary cancer.Thank you.

Blood cancers are multifactorial meaning that some are genetics such as leukemia but not necessarily, myelodysplastic syndrome, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. These cancers are also acquired from the environment. They are from chemicals or toxic substances. Thank you.

Because DNA and other components in the blood decay rapidly, a delay of longer than 48 hours may make the blood samples useless. It is an average of 72 hours after the crime to remove everythinhg. They call it the 72-hour rule. This is since they use the cut-off time to recover biological and trace evidence when it is more likely to be successfully collected. A range from 24 to 96 hours is more realistic. Thank you.

Most of the time the pain is usually reflecting problems in and around the area of pain. Now, there is pain radiation, meaning that even though the pain is reflected on one part of the body, can be felt distant to the problem area. Less serious causes of abdominal pain are constipation, irritable bowel disease, food allergies, lactose intolerance stomach virus and poisoning. There are three abdominal pains, and they are visceral, parietal, and referred. Contact your health care provider if your pain last longer than one week. Thank you.

Before even the pathology of biopsies from prostates are read, each biopsy is identified by location as received from the Urologist directly from the operating room. They are labeled as right superior, right middle, right lower, left superior, left middle and left lower biopsies. I describe each biopsy by length and thickness and submit them for paraffin processing overnight. The next day the technician (Pathology Technician), slice the paraffin block to obtain a slim size cut and put it in a glass slide for the staining process before it is read. The staining lasts another day since it is done overnight. When I receive the slides, I look at them in the microscope and the start reading the cells. I look for normalcy of the cells by shape, size, differentiation, nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio (meaning the rate of nucleal material versus the cytoplasm), shape of the nuclear membrane, nuclear density and how different is from a normal prostate cell. The pathologist gives each core a number in the pathology report, and each core will get its own diagnosis. We give what is called a Gleason Score or grade. It is the predominant pattern in your biopsy and a second predominant Gleason grade pattern. Gleason range from 2-10. However, since 2-5 almost never assign scores. Gleason scores range from 6-10. The risk group are as follow; low/very low grade is less than 6. Equals to group 1. Intermediate (favorable or unfavorable) is 7. (3+4) or (4+3) respectively. High/ Very high, grade 4 Gleason 8, and group 5, Gleason 9-10. The diagnosis also includes the clinical stage. Thank you.

Usually, can last from weeks to six months. Anticonvulsants such as Gabapentin and Pregabalin, have been used to release the pain by managing the post stroke spasticity and pain. Thank you.

Many germs get into a person’s body, and they can cause infection. If the infection is not stop by our immune system a septic condition is developed causes blood infection. They are mostly bacterial in origin, but there are viral as COVID-19, or influenza, or fungal infections. A blood infection indicates septicemia which means that the bacteria entered the bloodstream and can spread all over the body. The body reaction to the infection, leads to sepsis. Thank you.

If you have a blood infection, fruits rich in Vitamin C, Citrus fruits and greens are good. In addition, strawberries, pineapples, broccoli, and tomatoes. Try to stay away from raw or undercook meats and eggs. Now, one of the important fighters of infections are our white blood cells called leukocytes. They are the one protecting tissue in the blood. When they detect foreign substances in the blood, immediately they send signals to launch an immune attack. Thank you.

Some treatment used for central neuropathy (central post stroke), pain are anticonvulsants to reduce seizures, antidepressants to help your mood, corticosteroids to reduce the inflammation of the brain tissue, exercise to start moving and sending oxygen and nutrients to the brain as well as helping to create new brain nerves pathways, electroacupuncture to stimulate the electrical impulses and also creating new neural pathways, deep brain stimulation, repetitive transcranial stimulation and others. Have you heard the term, if you don’t use it, you’ll lose it. The sooner you start doing your exercises the better chances you have to recover the deficit. Thank you.

The blood is drawled from the patient and the laboratory processes the whole blood collected. We separate the red blood cells from plasma and the tube goes through an automated machines that reads (tell you) the different components of the blood. E.g., sodium, potassium, calcium, and other components in the blood. Those values are compared with the range of the normal blood values. And a statistic report is rendered and sent to the ordering medical professional. The whole process is mostly automated, and any discrepancy is tested manually by the laboratory technologist and signed and reviewed by the pathologist. Thank you.

When blood volume is increase, the blood pressure is also increase. This is called hypervolemia and is cause when there is impairment of kidney or liver function. It increases the blood volume, blood flow and pressure. The normal blood volume in adult female is 65 ml/kg (milliliters/kilograms). Normal blood percentage is around 7-8% meaning that 70% percent of your blood volume is in the vein at any given time. Thick blood can lead to strokes, tissue, and organ damage. Prolonged hypertension may lead to renal damage. Thank you.